There are 3 types of root systems plants can have: taproot, fibrous roots, or adventitious roots. A plant may have more than 1 of these systems but typically will only have a taproot or fibrous root system, and may additionally have adventitious roots as well.

Taproots

Taproots systems are characterized by one larger root that grows downward from the root radical and may have smaller secondary roots growing off of it laterally. Most dicots (plants with 2 seed leaves), and gymnosperms (cone bearing plants) have taproot systems. Dandelions, carrots, radishes, parsnips, and turnips are all examples of taproots.

Fibrous Roots

Fibrous roots are all about the same diameter and typically grow in a mass or in bunches together. They are also typically shallower than taproots. Most monocots (plants with 1 seed leaf, such as grasses) have fibrous root systems.

Adventitious Roots

The adventitous root system are roots that form from sources other than the root radicle (root’s axis of growth), meaning they grow off the stem or leaves. Some examples of adventitious roots are found in many types of climbing plants or ivy, or when propagating plants from their stems or leaves. The adventitious roots that a plant uses for aerial support are sometimes called aerial roots or prop roots. A bulb is also an example of a cluster of adventitious roots surrounding an underground stem and bud.

Check out other posts: Botany Terminology: Basic Types of Fruits, Botany Terminology: Exploring Basic Parts of a Flower, What Are Seeds? Types of Seeds in Botany.